The Violence Of Worldwide Violence - 1159 Words

Worldwide violence is on an all-time rise. We see this in the newspapers, on the television, and all over the internet. However, workplace violence or WPV in healthcare is not something that tends to be in the general public’s eye. Yet WPV is a growing epidemic made evident by the passing of the Girgenti/Madden bill. The bill upgraded the penalties for assaulting healthcare workers from assault to aggravated assault. Such charges had long been afforded to law enforcement officers, firefighters, teachers, and even judges. OSHA defines WPV as â€Å"any act or threat of physical violence, harassment, intimidation, or other threatening disruptive behavior that occurs at the work site. It ranges from threats and verbal abuse to physical assaults and even homicide. It can affect and involve employees, clients, customers and visitors† (para. 1). Chapman, Perry, Styles, and Combs (2009) found that 75% of sampled nurses had experienced WPV within a 12-month period. Of th ese WPV cases 92% were verbal abuse, 69% physical threats, and 52% were physical assaults (p. 482). Speroni, Fitch, Dawson, Dugan, and Atherton (2014) conducted a comparative study with similar results. Of 762 nurses surveyed 76% had experienced WPV. When narrowed down to only emergency room nurses 96.7% had experienced WPV (p. 220). According to the CDC violence in a healthcare setting are more likely to occur in psychiatric wards, emergency rooms, waiting rooms, and geriatric units (para. 11). WPV canShow MoreRelatedViolence Is A Serious Problem Worldwide2003 Words   |  9 PagesAbuse is a serious problem worldwide and happens countless times on a daily basis. Information regarding how to deal with violence and aggression is vital to our personal well-being. Abuse comes in numerous styles and does not discriminate against anybody; violence can and often does happen to people in every type of lifestyle, culture, occupation, social-class, religion and age group. Abuse, or violence, is considered to be any intentional and unwanted contact. Violence is a major public healthRead MoreBlaming the Media for the Worldwide Increase in Violence Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesBlaming the Media for the Worldwide Increase in Violence The mass media are an increasingly accessible way for people to learn what is important in the world today and what is acceptable behaviour in this society. Media outlets include film, radio, print, music and so on; film being the most widely used medium. The media which is prevalent in every aspect of our lives, is the perfect instrument to instil ideas in the minds of the people, and the most susceptible of themRead MoreViolence Against Women : A Worldwide Problem Still Hidden Problem2514 Words   |  11 PagesViolence against women is a worldwide yet still hidden problem. Freedom from the threat of harassment, battering, and sexual assault is a concept that is hard to imagine because violence is embedded in a deep part of most cultures and most lives. â€Å"Violence against women includes all verbal, physical, and sexual assaults which violate a woman’s physical body, sense of self and sense of trust, regardless of age, race, ethnicity, or country. Violence against women has been identified as a major publicRead MoreDomestic violence1229 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ 3/1/13 Domestic Violence Persuasive Essay Final Draft â€Å"Every year, in the United States there are over 3 million incidents of reported domestic violence. Every year, 4,000 victims of domestic violence are killed.† (Domestic Violence: Disturbing Facts about Domestic Violence). Domestic violence is a crime that is not just committed in the United States, but worldwide. This crime is committed every day, every hour, every minute, and every second. Anybody can be a victim or the abuser. ThisRead MoreDomestic Violence And Socioeconomic Status Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pages Domestic Violence and Socioeconomic Status Kevin Lybacki Domestic Violence Professor C. Auletto 11/27/16  Domestic violence is a problem in society that faces many different people. Regardless of where people may live, how old they may be, what gender they may be, what ethnicity, etc, domestic violence occurs. In order to understand the severity of domestic violence, the definition must be understood. Domestic violence can be defined as â€Å"any incident or pattern of incidents of controllingRead MoreThe Effects of Violence on Women Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effects of Violence on Women Violence affects the lives of millions of women worldwide, in developing, as well as in developed countries. It cuts across cultural and religious barriers, restricting women from fully participating in society. Violence against women has many forms in which it comes in, from domestic abuse and rape to child marriages and female circumcision. All are violations of the most fundamentalRead MoreAnalysis of Women’s Rights: Rape and Sexual Violence Essay1013 Words   |  5 Pagesdestruction of the livelihood of women. The truth is obsolete in the era of never changing gendered hierarchy, where heartless militia have severed the line of innocence and consciousness for women worldwide; using them as scapegoats for their infantry. The victimization of these is rampant; the abuse and violence against their minds and bodies does not prove a victor of state but rather a violation of human life. Women own the right to their voice, to their ideas, and most importantly to their bodies;Read MoreIssue Relating to Violence Abuse Against Women and Children within Family918 Words   |  4 PagesIssue relating to violence abuse against women and children within family The issue that I am exploring As increasing number of women are gaining more rights globally as well as their economic power. However, domestic violence, especially violence against both women and children from associated partner remaining a broad issue that need to be addressed. Public health studies indicated that a large number of people have the experience of witnessing varies degree of violence within the family. I believeRead MoreYouth Violence And Its Effect On Children1637 Words   |  7 PagesSince the year 2000, youth violence has been one of the biggest concerns in almost every community. In my research I decided to evaluate the study of youth violence. Youth violence is said to start since the early days of childhood and lead onto the teenage years of a child. When talking about youth violence, the child may not only be an offender but they can be a victim of violence as well. Bullying, punching, slapping, kicking, teasing, and verbal abuse are all behaviors and forms of mistreatmentRead MoreViolenc e Against Women s Violence872 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Violence against women unfortunately is a very prevalent and critical issue in our society. It is a worldwide but still hidden problem. Freedom from the threat of harassment, battering, and sexual assault is a concept that most of us have a hard time imagining because violence is such a deep part of our cultures and our lives. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), it is estimated that 84,376 forcible rapes were reported to law enforcement in 2012, estimated at 52

Mr Abraham Lincoln Should Be On The Postage Stamp

Mr Abraham Lincoln should be on the postage stamp because he did many grate thing in his life and he served justice to the people. This is somethings he has done here in his time. Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Thomas was a strong and determined pioneer who found a moderate level of prosperity and was well respected in the community. The couple had two other children: Abraham s older sister Sarah and younger brother Thomas, who died in infancy. Due to a land dispute, the Lincoln s were forced to move from Kentucky to Perry County, Indiana in 1817, where the family squatted on public land to scrap out a living in a crude shelter, hunting game and farming a†¦show more content†¦Neighbors recalled how Abraham would walk for miles to borrow a book. He undoubtedly read the family Bible and probably other popular books at that time such as Robinson Crusoe, Pilgrims Progress and Aesop’s Fables. In March, 1830, the family again migrated, this time to Macon County, Illinois. When his father moved the family again to Coles County, 22-year-old Abraham Lincoln struck out on this own, making a living in manual labor. At six feet four inches tall, Lincoln was rawboned and lanky, but muscular and physically strong. He spoke with a backwoods twang and walked with a long-striding gait. He was known for his skill in wielding an ax and early on made a living splitting wood for fire and rail fencing. Young Lincoln eventually migrated to the small community of New Salem, Illinois, where over a period of years he worked as a shopkeeper, postmaster, and eventually general store owner. It was here that Lincoln, working with the public, acquired social skills and honed story-telling talent that made him popular with the locals. When the Black Hawk War broke out in 1832 between the United States and Native Americans, the volunteers in the area elected Lincoln to be their captain. He saw no com bat during this time, save for a good many bloody struggles with the mosquitoes, but was able to make several important political connections. It was soon after this that he purportedly met and became romantically involved with Anne Rutledge. Before they

Health Literacy and Communication for Ethics- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth Literacy and Communication for Ethics. Answer: Effective communication is one of the most important aspects in the healthcare in the modern generation. This attribute between the patients as well as the healthcare providers has become a critical element for developing quality of the care provided to patients. In the modern generation, Australia has become a nation where people from various backgrounds have found secured shelter in the nation and are living stable lives. Therefore, the healthcare-centres need to prepare their employees in ways by which they can meet the needs and requirements of the patients who come to seek healthcare service from the healthcare centres in culturally competent way (Beatncourt et al., 2016). People from different cultures have their own beliefs, attitudes, behaviours as well as biases that have the capability to influence the patient care. Becoming aware of the cultural needs of the patients help, the healthcare providers to modify their care plans and communicate them in ways that make them feel respected (Purnell, 2014). Becoming culturally aware and developing cultural knowledge of different types of persons living in the nation of Australia is therefore important for the development of communication skills that align with their culture. This would ensure them to provide care that would ensure high patient satisfaction. Two forms of communication need to be developed by the healthcare professionals to provide high quality satisfactory care to patients. One of them is the linguistic competence. With this communication skill, healthcare professionals would be able to communicate effectively with diverse populations that include individuals who have limited English proficiency. The development of this skill is also found to be important for handling culturally diverse people who may have low literacy skills or those who are not literate, disabled or have hearing disabilities (Hendson et al., 2015). Effective communication can never be achieved if there is cultural as well as linguistic barrier. Therefore, in such situations, organisations mainly help the professional to develop linguistic competence in two ways. The organisation can educate the professionals to develop the language knowledge of the most common culturally diverse patients of the nation who come for healthcare service. Moreover, it is al so seen that healthcare organisations are now a days trying to appoint professional trained interpreters who are helping the healthcare providers to communicate with the patients successfully. Many patients have limited English proficiency and therefore the information that they provide to the healthcare professionals are not well understood by the healthcare service providers (Douglas et al., 2014). This results in inappropriate practices, medication errors and many others that may threaten the life of patients. Therefore, in order to provide culturally safe care, professionals, interpreters help in relaying fill information to professionals to help them develop high quality care plan. Therefore, individuals who face cultural and language barriers are advised to contact higher authorities in cases where they require interpreters for providing culturally competent services. Another most important aspect of culturally competent communication is proper knowledge of the nonverbal cues that are used by the healthcare professionals while providing care. Patients are seen to be a very keen observer of the body language of the professionals when they are providing care and this body language helps them to develop certain assumptions about the professionals. They tend to understand whether the professional is confident, caring, empathetic, and compassionate and genuinely cares for the patient. Such body language and non verbal cues also play an important role in healthcare services helping to provide culturally appropriate care services (Betancourt et al., 2014). Eye contact while communicating and caring for the patient are perceived by different cultures in different ways and therefore professionals should be well aware of this nonverbal communication skill. For example, most of the patients from Asian culture are mainly seen to take direct eye contact as a d isrespecting gesture and consider this to be a rude approach. However, in the western culture, this is seen to be of a proper manner of communication as this makes the patients of western background to feel that the professional is confident and respectful of the patient. Moreover, the sense of touch is also perceived by different cultures of patients in different ways and therefore, professionals should e careful about these features (Howe Walker, 2017). It is expected of every professional to understand the cultural requirements, preferences, cultural traditions, preferences and inhibitions so that they can communicate with them in ways that aligns with their expectations. For this reason, professionals need to be highly flexible for adapting to the cultural necessitates and hence communicate with them in culturally competent manner. It is seen that when patients receive culturally incompetent care, they feel dejected, disrespected and uncared. They feel unloved and become depressed and demoralised. They feel that as the professionals are more powerful than they in this situation are, they are influencing their strength over the needs and dignity of the patient. All these have negative aspects affect the patient and therefore they experience negative outcomes on their health. When patients feel that the care provided to them aligns with their culture, they feel that the professionals are affectionate and think for the betterment of the patient (Nouri et al., 2017). They feel that they are trying to maintain their dignity and autonomy and hence they develop trust on the professionals. As they rely on the professionals, they are seen to be more adherent with the instructions of the professionals that have positive outcome on their health. Health literacy: Health literacy as well as health communication is the study as well as the practice by which healthcare professionals are seen to communicate different forms of promotional health information. This may be through the procedures of public health campaigns as well as health education and exchange of important information between the doctors and the patients. Researchers have defined health literacy as the degree by which individuals can obtain, process and thereby understand information and services on health by which they can make appropriate health decisions (Green et al., 2014). They have stated that health communication has the main purpose of disseminating information for influencing personal health choices to improve health literacy that has huge number of benefits on the lives of the patients. Health literacy is composed of two components. One of them is the treatment-based information. Patients of different cultures have different preferences and therefore they remain quite an xious about the interventions that are taken for them. They remain fearful that whether the interventions would be aligned to their cultures. This first component mainly helps the professionals to convey all-important information to the patient about the treatment, and the alternatives, the risk and benefits associated with them and others. This makes them feel included in the care plan at the same time developing their health literacy. Another component helps the patients to educate about the disorder that had occurred to them, the different ways that they can adopt to overcome the symptoms. It also tells them the ways by which they can modify their lifestyle, diets, different habits and others so that they can develop better quality lives. Preventive measures are also discussed in details to develop health literacy in the patients (Seckin et al., 2016). Many important attributes can be associated with the development of health literacy in the individuals. The development of health literacy through effective communication procedures have the capability to understand their disorder, the severity of the disorder that compels them to align with the interventions and recommendations of the professional. It increases the knowledge of the patients and develops awareness of their health issue. It influences the attitude as well as the behaviour of the patient towards the health issue. It also helps in demonstrating different types of healthy practices helping the patient to live better quality life. It demonstrates the patients to understand the importance of behaviour changes resulting in better outcomes. They help to clear out misconceptions that many individuals coming from other backgrounds may have (Damesworth et al., 2018). It also helps to develop trust among the patients increasing the opportunities for treatment acceptance. It also helps the patients to decide the best plan of action ensuring continuity of care between the appointments. There are large number of negative impacts which can result if the patients are not provided with adequate health information and are not communicated the healthcare necessities effectively. They will have poorer knowledge as well as understanding of the medical conditions including their preventability. There may be also a higher are rate of hospitalisation associated with adverse events and different culturally and racially mediated inequalities in health outcomes (Douglas et al., 2014). It may also lead to fragmented access to care along with reduced utilisation of the different types of preventative health services and improper management of chronic disorders. Increased level of medication errors, misdiagnosis due to improper communication, low rates of guidance and treatment compliance are the negative aspects. There may be also higher levels of hospital readmissions, higher mortality, and unnecessary emergency room presentations. From the above discussion, it becomes quite clear that patients coming from different cultural backgrounds have unique healthcare needs and requirement. In order to provide care that aligns with their cultural traditions, preferences and inhibitions, professionals need to develop communication skills that help them to feel respected, cared and loved. Culturally competent communication helps to maintain their dignity and autonomy that makes them not only develop trust on the professionals but also makes them feel that the professionals respect their culture and genuinely feel for them. Effective communication is also essential to develop health literacy in the patients. They may have many cultural practices that might affect their health. Health literacy helps them to develop knowledge on the treatment that are provided to them and develop knowledge about the preventive strategies that ensure better health. All these would help the professionals to contribute to better quality lies of patients coming from different cultural backgrounds. References: Betancourt, J. R., Corbett, J., Bondaryk, M. R. (2014). Addressing disparities and achieving equity: cultural competence, ethics, and health-care transformation.Chest, vol ;145(1), pp 143-148. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-0634 Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., Owusu Ananeh-Firempong, I. I. (2016). Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care.Public health reports. https://doi.org/10.1093/phr/118.4.293 Dameworth, J. L., Weinberg, J. A., Goslar, P. W., Stout, D. J., Israr, S., Jacobs, J. V., ... Petersen, S. R. (2018). Health Literacy And Quality Of Physician-Trauma Patient Communication: Opportunity For Improvement.The journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 10.1097/TA.0000000000001934 Douglas, M. K., Rosenkoetter, M., Pacquiao, D. F., Callister, L. C., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., ... Purnell, L. (2014). Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care.Journal of Transcultural Nursing,vol 25(2), pp109-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659614520998 Green, J. A., Gonzaga, A. M., Cohen, E. D., Spagnoletti, C. L. (2014). Addressing health literacy through clear health communication: a training program for internal medicine residents.Patient education and counseling, vol 95(1), pp76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2014.01.004 Hendson, L., Reis, M. D., Nicholas, D. B. (2015). Health care providers perspectives of providing culturally competent care in the NICU.Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, vol44(1), pp17-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/1552-6909.12524 Howe, C. J., Walker, D. (2017). 002Pediatric Diabetes Educators Use of Recommended Health Literacy Communication Techniques.Journal of Pediatric Nursing: Nursing Care of Children and Families,vol 34, 101-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2017.02.011 Nouri, S. S., Rudd, R. E. (2015). Health literacy in the oral exchange: An important element of patientprovider communication.Patient education and counseling,vol 98(5), 565-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2014.12.002 Purnell, L. D. (2014).Guide to culturally competent health care. FA Davis.retreived from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=ubBxAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR1dq=culturally+competent+care+and+communicationots=KSofQNq4KKsig=epzsl_Nou9mm_0A3fO9gY6JrHTA#v=onepageq=culturally%20competent%20care%20and%20communicationf=false Sekin, G., Yeatts, D., Hughes, S., Hudson, C., Bell, V. (2016). Being an informed consumer of health information and assessment of electronic health literacy in a national sample of internet users: validity and reliability of the e-HLS instrument.Journal of medical Internet research,vol 18(7). 10.2196/jmir.5496

The Slave Trade in Colonial Charleston free essay sample

The ways and reasons in which the slave trade in colonial Charleston, South Carolina was so relevant are surprisingly interesting. The slave trade was important economically and capitalistically speaking: the economy highly depended on the slave trade and was literally dominated by it in some states. Besides the economy, other reasons of its importance were implied in politics and business: what made it really big in Charleston and in South Carolina in general was that slaves ended constituting the majority which means that slavery was focused much more in this state than in any other one.Another season we can mention why the slave market was so alive in South Carolina and also well present in other states and islands is because whites considered the blacks to be inferior to them, considering an African to be the 3/5 Of a human being at that time and so they gave themselves the right to run the African slave trade without hesitating, and it is amazing to know how the slave trade was able to last for so long before it was officially banned and abolished through politics and war, only 145 years ago in 1865 (common knowledge). We will write a custom essay sample on The Slave Trade in Colonial Charleston or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Charleston has clearly been the slave trade leader in America during all that mime and the upcoming explanation of this will let others know if they should agree or not with this argument. Charleston was once called Charles Town, named after King Charles II of England during the American Revolution. The port of Charleston is located at the center of inland waterways and it expanded from Stetsons River in Florida to the Cape Fear River in North Carolina. This port was the best located one since it went more largely into the midland than any other one in South Carolina (see map p. 0). Charleston was told to be the center of government and social life (Littered, 1986, p. 3); what we mean is that Charleston was the main destination for slaves taken from Africa to North America. Slave labor helped to advance the production of goods that made the colony prosperity. Slaves that already lived in South Carolina could have been sold as auctions and this generally happened when planters settled debts when they retired or when the importations of slaves were banned for a short while because there were enough slaves in Charleston at that point.Even if slave importations could be paused, the slave sales in North America did not: In fact, the slave business in South Carolina was mostly focused in Charleston, which served as an outlet for the distribution of slaves for practically the whole region between the lower Chesapeake and SST. Augustine (Morgan, 1998). All this information helps to show that the city and port of Charleston were the biggest ones in all southern America throughout the eighteenth century and was the fourth biggest city in North America! The center of trade for southern America at Charleston helped benefit the merchants slave business. The distribution and transaction fees were smaller in Charleston than in other ports because recreants could gain faster there, there was the credit availability, better detailed business information on prospects for imported slave shiploads, and transportation rates for return shipments. Additionally, bigger vessels could be used where goods were focused in a port and Charleston was a good one because of its great location and its Ashley and Cooper rivers that went past the city (Morgan, 1998). At Charleston, the slave business occurred all over town.At least 405 merchants paid taxes for imported black shiploads in the forty years past 1 735 which shows that most merchants in Charleston would ant to get into the slave business knowing it was the most competitive one of all. In this business, there was a large concentration of firms: Sixty per cent of slaves brought to Charleston during the colonial period were sold by only eighteen firms and only three of them brought in over twenty ships, which explains that to be a great slave trader, large capital and access to credit were needed (Morgan, 1998).A well known firm named Austin Laurels noted that African factors in Charleston needed a substantial capital to negotiate for large, regular importations of slaves (Morgan, 1 998, p. 910). Furthermore, slave customers most likely did business with merchants with whom they Were comfortable with, which of course advantaged firms with a higher amount of sales.I will refer to Benjamin Smith, the senior partner in the large slave-trading firm of Smith, Breton Smith, who had a great influence on the planters and a considerable knowledge and talent in the way he carried out his business: the fact that several head South Carolina planters lived in Charleston meant that they easily had great access to merchants, goods and slaves, and that they were also in a good position to take advantage of credit revived by Charleston merchants in the local mortgage market.Basically, Charleston had the advantage of being the commercial center of the state and could then bring to it several wealthy customers, even from different states (Morgan, 1998). In fact, their allies in North Carolina and in Georgia were great clients for these South Carolinians Of Charleston even though every state w as in completion with the other, none ever reached the size to be in real competition with Charleston. Another way to show how Charleston was the center of it all is that only eight per cent of its slave importations in he colonial period were moved elsewhere because they mostly stayed in Charleston (Morgan, 1998).Before ships can enter Charleston, they were obligated to stop at a quarantine house on Sullivan Island for ten days because of diseases such as smallpox. The South Carolina Assembly demanded taxes on slaves imported from all areas starting from 1 703 as a means of raising income; this became one the most solid sources of revenue for the state (Britton, 2001 Implying details of the slave market, merchants paid import taxes according to the size, age and gender of slaves; the highest costs were for slaves over 4. N height They also paid much higher taxes on slaves brought from the West Indies and elsewhere in North America than on those landing directly from Africa. Slaves brought to South Carolina from any other English colony were normally taxed at five or six times the rate for freshly imported slaves. By the sass, an extra tax of fifty pounds was added to the regular one of 10 pounds for slaves that had been in other English colonies for over six months.A particular law in 1 740 called the Negro Duty Law, demanded public officials to catch sales so they can oversee the tax payments made by merchants or shipmates bringing slaves to South Carolina and no new slave could be taken away by his master until this tax was paid (Morgan, 1998). Slaves on sale were advertised and promoted in various local newspapers such as the South-Carolina Gazette, which was very popular and always included advertisements detailing the number of slaves, their homeland, and the time and place of the sale.Besides newspapers, publicized posters illustrating the slave sales were posted against walls in town and throughout country parishes (see p. 9-10) (Morgan, 1998). Involving the buyers and sellers roles: sellers were Charleston merchants playing the ole of factors from British merchant principals and their jobs were to obtain the best deals for slave shiploads, to finish transactions as fast as possible, to compete as best as they could with other local firms involved in the business, and to assure and Save a good amount of money obtained (Morgan, 1998).The slave business in colonial Charleston worked in an economically stable way: buyers and sellers were attentive of English merchants choosing regional areas for the settlement of slaves where the hope for the best prices could be gained; therefore, slaves were brought to Charleston simply because English merchants concluded that they would make more profit there than they would in the West Indies. It appears that changes in the prices paid for slaves in South Carolina have been caused by corporate provision and demand functions within the Atlantic trading world more than it has by factors wit hin the colony economy.It appears that modifications in the prices paid for slaves in South Carolina have been caused by corporate provision and demand functions within the Atlantic trading world more than it has by factors within the colony economy; planters calculated if they could ford to buy slaves mostly on the support of their income from sales of plantation goods. Therefore, the slave market was completely linked with the plantation economy (Littered, 1986). War on the other hand, simply affects the economy in general.It was harmful for the business by bringing down prices because planters could never be convinced that ports in Europe would stay open for the exportation of goods. As a reference to the previous sentence, the Austin Laurels firm stated that: the produce of South Carolina fell by at least a quarter in price with the prospect of war in the id-1 7505 (Morgan, 1 998, p. 914). Involving the seasons, the right time for selling slaves in Charleston was from March to October.March, April and May were the best month for the business before the summer heat can come and spoil it and at the same time, planters had just earthed rice and intended to offer good prices for slaves. Winter was inconvenient for sales because slaves could suffer from the cold temperature and catch pneumonia and sick slaves were obviously cheaper (Maniacal, 2001 The age and gender of slaves were important for the pricing as well. Young, strong and tall slaves were very such wanted for the crop cultivation because of its demanding physical work.Slaves between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five suited the market perfectly while slaves for thirty were inconvenient. To give more details: the chief demand for male slaves were for them to be between fourteen and twenty- five, and for females it was suggested for them to be between fourteen and twenty without fallen breasts and preferably never having been pregnant (Maniacal, 2001). A final detail involving the pricing of slaves implied the slaves homeland or ethnic background. Merchants had a negative perspective of laves from Calabash and from the Bright of Bavaria because they were generalized as being too weak and to miss behave.On the other hand, slaves from the Gold Coast and Gambia were seen as stronger and behaved better which made them wanted by merchants (Littered, 1991 The slave sales in colonial South Carolina were closely related to the success of rice and indigo crop cultivations. Rice owned the life of the low county and associated it to the wider Atlantic trading world. Indigo was able to pull Out a surplus Of slave labor when a lack of rice cultivation occurred during war, and all owed land unsuitable for rice) to suit the indigo growth and cultivation (Littered, 1991).A man named David Ryder has used econometric theory and an econometric model to state that: planters brought slaves with a higher degree of economic rationality: an increase of 3. 05 barrels (c. 1 600 lb. ) in the expected output of rice resulted in the importation of one additional slave and an anticipated amount of 2000 lb (Morgan, 1 998, p. 922). What is concluded from the previous statement is that slave buyers calculated the production profits that came from the possession of extra slaves put against the future rice of goods at sale.Furthermore, the demand for slaves in South Carolina was very much related with the money made from the exports of its major goods, and as the crop economies and slaveholders moved into the unoccupied land areas, the demand for slaves by new colonials led to very high prices. By the early 1 sass, the costs of exports had reached more than forty pounds. One shipload of 220 slaves coasted about fifty-two pounds in July 1 772, which has never been seen before at Charleston (Morgan, 1998).During the trip from Africa to Charleston, the slaves were so badly treated hat some didnt make it at all to the coast. In fact, their chances of living were not strong for a majority of them due to several reasons: some died from starvation because there wasnt enough food to assure their lives until the arrival, some died from diseases because they were not hygienically taken care of, and the conditions were so bad for them, that some simply jumped over board to die preferably drowned than suffering through those slow deaths.Apparently, the sailors held a lot of greed. They wanted to fill the boats with as many slaves as possible without caring about their conditions, ND so they chained and compacted them like sardines without any room to sit and fresh air to breath so some just suffocated to death in that hot and tight air (see images p. 12) (Fall, 2007). Implying the role of Jews during this period in which they have played a very important one. As we heard in class, the port Jews were excellent merchants and some were even high ranked involving the leadership and control of this transatlantic trade market. What wasnt mentioned was that South Carolina happened to be the state in which Jews formed a majority; which is another point to explain how South Carolina as the main state to attract colonials and immigrants looking to get in business.However, the role of Jews didnt simply consist in trading goods; for a minority of them, some also played a direct role in the slave trade: a business report indicated that out of 128 slave ships arriving in Charleston, 120 of those were under the names of Jews from South Carolina. Another surprising fact involving the Jews was that they created a new form of revenue: during the middle passage where slaves would get sick, it was hard for a captain to sell them once on shore and he would desperately accept any offer to at least leave with something in his pockets.So these Jews from Newport, South Carolina would offer to buy them at a cheap price; once the slaves in their possession, these Jewish merchants would simply treat the slaves and then sell them for as much as they could. The Jews were shown to be the ones owning that business tactic: occasionally, when the captain was once again stuck in that situation of not finding any buyers to purchase the sick slaves, he knew that the Jews were willing to bargain over them and therefore he would head to Newport.The Jews of Newport admitted in winning about half of all slave ships going from Newport to Africa (300/600). This interestingly explains how Jews grew their way up the latter from small time merchants to highly successful ship owners and why Newport by itself had around 5000 black slaves in the year 1756; Newport being the second greatest city in South Carolina after Charleston implying its commercial success (Blake, 1995).Nonetheless, it was possible for a slave to become a free man. For instance, a slave was freed if fought in the Continental army or in the British army during the American Revolution for a certain period of time. Another example is that a slave could simply be freed by his master instead of being sold, and ironically, that free black man can now own slaves if he ever found the capability to do so.In South Carolina for instance, since black slave traders saw that they can benefit from slavery and make some money, they could explain that because the business was so profitable, they could not give up their land without having money given in return, and so some blacks kept t heir slaves up until 1864 right when the civil war was still in action (Kroger, 1985). The United States Constitution has decided to ban the lave trade for twenty years after 1 787, and that meant that no new slaves were legally imported into South Carolina between that date and 1803.The transatlantic slave trade to the United States was finally abolished in 1 808, but the slave sales obviously still occurred in South Carolina professionally and domestically until the American Civil War making it end in 1 865 (Weir, 1997). This fairly well enough explains the ways and reasons that mark the leadership importance of the colonial slave trade in Charleston, South Carolina, as well as a good given detailed analysis of every aspect of the entire colonial South Carolinian slave trade.

Distinguish Between French Verbs Savoir and Connaître

Distinguish Between French Verbs Savoir and Connaà ®tre French has two verbs which can be translated to the English verb to know: savoir and connaà ®tre. This can be confusing to English speakers (though it might be easy for Spanish speakers), because in fact there are distinct differences in meaning and usage for the two verbs. Possible Uses for Savoir to know how to do something; savoir is followed by an infinitive (note that the word how is not translated into French):Savez-vous conduire  ?Do you know how to drive?Je ne sais pas nager.I dont know how to swim.to know plus a subordinate clause:Je sais quil la fait.I know he did it.Je sais oà ¹ il est.I know where he is.In the passà © composà ©, savoir means to learn or to find out:Jai su quil la fait.I found out that he did it. Possible Uses for Connaà ®tre to know a personJe connais Pierrette.I know Pierrette.to be familiar or acquainted with a person or thingJe connais bien Toulouse.I know / am familiar with Toulouse.Je connais cette nouvelle - je lai lue lannà ©e dernià ¨re.I know / am familiar with this short story - I read it last year.In the passà © composà ©, connaà ®tre means to meet (for the first time) / become acquainted with:Jai connu Pierrette Lyon.I met Pierrette in Lyon.Note that connaà ®tre always needs a direct object; it cannot be followed by a clause or infinitive:Je connais son poà ¨me.I am familiar with his poem.Je connais bien ton pà ¨re.I know your father well.Nous connaissons Paris.We know/are familiar with Paris.Il la connaà ®t.He knows her. Savoir or Connaà ®tre For some meanings, either verb can be used. to know (have) a piece of information:Je sais / connais son nom.I know his name.Nous savons / connaissons dà ©j sa rà ©ponse.We already know his response.to know by heart (have memorized):Elle sait / connaà ®t cette chanson par cÅ“ur.She knows this song by heart.Sais-tu / Connais-tu ton discours par cÅ“ur?Do you know your speech by heart? Ignorer Ignorer is a related verb which means not to know in the sense of to be unaware of. Depending on the context, it can replace either ne pas savoir or ne pas connaà ®tre. Jignore quand il arrivera.I dont know when he is arriving.Il ignore Ionesco.Hes not aware of (doesnt know about) Ionesco.

M1903 Springfield Rifle - World War I

M1903 Springfield Rifle - World War I The M1903 Springfield rifle was the primary rifle used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the first several decades of the 20th century. Officially designated United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903, it was a bolt-action rifle that utilized a five-round magazine. The M1903 was used by the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I and was retained after the conflict. It was not replaced as the standard American infantry rifle until the introduction of the M1 Garand in 1936. Despite this change, the M1903 was still in use during the early campaigns of World War II. In the years after the war, only the M1903A4 sniper rifle variant remained in the inventory. That last of these were retired during the early years of the Vietnam War. Background Following the Spanish-American War, the U.S. Army began seeking a replacement for its standard Krag-JÃ ¸rgensen rifles. Adopted in 1892, the Krag had shown several weaknesses during the conflict. Among these was a lower muzzle velocity than the Mausers employed by Spanish troops as well as a difficult to load magazine which required the insertion of one round at time. In 1899, attempts were made to improve the Krag with the introduction of a high-velocity cartridge. These proved unsuccessful as the rifles single locking lug on the bolt proved incapable of handling the increased chamber pressure. Development Design Over the next year, engineers at the Springfield Armory began developing designs for a new rifle. Though the U.S. Army had examined the Mauser in the early 1890s prior to selecting the Krag, they returned to the German weapon for inspiration. Later Mauser rifles, including the Mauser 93 used by the Spanish, possessed a magazine fed by a stripper clip and a greater muzzle velocity than its predecessors. Combining elements from the Krag and the Mauser, Springfield produced its first operational prototype in 1901. Soldier with M1903 Springfield. U.S. Army Center for Military History Believing they had achieved their goal, Springfield began tooling its assembly line for the new model. Much to their dismay, the prototype, designated M1901, was declined by the U.S. Army. Over the next two years, the U.S. Army laid out a variety of changes which were incorporated into the M1901s design. In 1903, Springfield presented the new M1903, which was accepted into service. Though the M1903 was a composite consisting of the best elements from several prior weapons, it remained similar enough to the Mauser that the U.S. Government was forced to pay royalties to Mauserwerke. M1903 Springfield Cartridge: .30-03 .30-06 SpringfieldCapacity: 5 round stripper clipMuzzle Velocity: 2,800 ft./sec.Effective Range: 2,500 yds.Weight: approx. 8.7 lbs.Length: 44.9 in.Barrel Length: 24 in.Sights: Leaf rear sight, barleycorn-type front sightAction: Bolt-action Introduction The M1903 was officially adopted on June 19, 1903 under the official designation of United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903. Moving into production, Springfield built 80,000 of the M1903 by 1905, and the new rifle slowly began to replace the Krag. Minor changes were made in the early years, with a new sight added in 1904, and a new knife-style bayonet in 1905. As these alterations were implemented, two major changes were introduced. The first was a shift to pointed, spitzer ammunition in 1906. This led to the introduction of the .30-06 cartridge that would become standard for American rifles. The second change was a shortening of the barrel to 24 inches. World War I During testing, Springfield found that the M1903s design was equally effective with a shorter, cavalry-style barrel. As this weapon was lighter and more easily wielded, it was ordered for the infantry as well. By the time the US entered World War I in April 1917, 843,239 M1903s had been produced at Springfield and the Rock Island Arsenal. Equipping the American Expeditionary Forces, the M1903 proved lethal and efficient against the Germans in France. During the war, the M1903 Mk. I was produced which allowed for the fitting of a Pedersen device. Developed in an effort to increase the M1903s volume of fire during assaults, the Pedersen device allowed the rifle to fire .30 caliber pistol ammunition semi-automatically. World War II After the war, the M1903 remained the standard American infantry rifle until the introduction of the M1 Garand in 1937. Much beloved by American soldiers, many were reluctant to switch to the new rifle. With the entry of the US into World War II in 1941, many units, both in the U.S. Army and Marine Corps, had not completed their transition to the Garand. As a result, several formations deployed for action still carrying the M1903. The rifle saw action in North Africa and Italy, as well as in the early fighting in the Pacific. A GI with the 36th Infantry Division cleans his M1903 Springfield, equipped with sniper scope. Public Domain The weapon was famously used by the U.S. Marines during the Battle of Guadalcanal. Though the M1 replaced the M1903 in most units by 1943, the older rifle continued to be used in specialized roles. Variants of the M1903 saw extended service with the Rangers, Military Police, as well as with Free French forces. The M1903A4 saw extensive use as a sniper rifle during the conflict. M1903s produced during World War II were often made by Remington Arms and the Smith-Corona Typewriter Company. Later Use Though it was reduced to a secondary role, the M1903 continued to be produced during World War II by Remington Arms and Smith-Corona Typewriter. Many of these were designated M1903A3 as Remington requested several design changes to improve performance and simplify the manufacturing process. With the conclusion of World War II, most M1903s were retired from service, with only the M1903A4 sniper rifle being retained. Many of these were replaced during the Korean War, however the U.S. Marine Corps continued to use some until the early days of the Vietnam War.

Pomodoro, Ltd. Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pomodoro, Ltd. Business - Research Paper Example Comprehensive interpretation of the United States employment related laws and regulations and how they apply to Pomodoro, Ltd. There are many laws, in the United States that were established by the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which deal with the employment of people in America. These laws include the executive orders and the federal laws that apply to both job applicants and employees in all workplaces, in the United States. According to Robinson, Franklin and Wayland (2009), the main aim of the employment laws and regulations is to ensure equal employment and fair treatment of all working individuals in America without regards to nationality, gender, disability, race, or age. Child Labor Laws Child Labor Laws restrict the hiring and abuse of young workers, which include the youths and individuals under the age of sixteen years. Dunlop (1994) argues that Child Labor Laws protect the employment of young workers in jobs that are too dangerous and risky for their safety and health, and their educational opportunities. These laws also list about seventeen occupations that are said to be hazardous and too dangerous for young workers. However, Pomodoro, Ltd does not higher young workers under the age of sixteen years. ... FLSA also deals with recordkeeping and the standards of youth employment that affect employees in local, state, and federal governments (Walsh, 2009). For instance, according to the United States Department of Labor, on 24th July 2009, FLSA established the minimum compensation for nonexempt workers as $ 7.25 per hour. Apart from setting the minimum wages for employees, FLSA also establishes compensation for employees who work overtime. According to the FLSA law, exempt workers do not need any overtime compensation; thus, Pomodoro, Ltd does not compensate any of its exempt workers when they work overtime such as the financial analysts and program administrators. However, it pays its non-exempt employees about 1.5 times their hourly rate when they work overtime for more than 40 hours in a work week. For this reason, Pomodoro, Ltd observes this law in order to motivate its employees to produce quality products. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission The Equal Employment Opportunity Com mission (EEOC) enforces the Federal laws that protect job applicants and employees against discrimination in the workplace environment in terms of their color, nationality, gender, race, age, religion, disability or sexual orientation. Additionally, Cihon and Castagnera (2010) argue that EEOC also protect individuals who complain about discrimination or are involved in investigating cases of discrimination in the workplace from being discriminated. Pomodoro, Ltd understands that employment discrimination is illegal in the United States; thus, they have a diverse workforce, which include employees from different backgrounds. This workforce consists of a mixture of races i.e. a number of Latinos, African Americans, and Caucasians among others. There is

Frederick Douglas - liberation of slaves Research Paper

Frederick Douglas - liberation of slaves - Research Paper Example To keep them in their place, slaves were forbidden to be taught how to read or write, they were separated from their families at even very young ages and were regularly physically and emotionally beaten as a means of keeping them in line. All of this had the effect of reducing these people to the survival instincts of animals, reinforcing concepts held by the white people as well as the slaves that this menial labor was all they were capable of – higher thought was clearly beyond the capacity of their more primitive brains. Proving that this was not the case, though, was Frederick Douglass, the first black man to appear on a presidential ticket in America. An escaped slave from Maryland, Douglass toured the country and the world telling his story and illuminating the various ways in which black people are kept in their dark imprisonment through no fault of their own and with little hope of discovering a means of true escape. In his early narrative Frederick Douglass: Life of a n American Slave, the author details his early life and education in such a way that he illustrates both the dehumanizing effects of slavery as well as those factors that operated to inspire him to ‘become a man’ rather than remaining in the role of a slave. This narrative, as well as the speeches and work Douglass did to increase awareness of the true condition of the slave, did much to convince the white people of the world that black people had equal potential when given equal opportunity. Although his exact birth date is unknown, Douglass believed he was born sometime in February of 1818, already a slave on a Maryland farm. He died on February 20, 1895. The name he was given at birth was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, but he later changed it as he discovered more information about his probable parentage. â€Å"He spent his early years with his grandparents and with an aunt, seeing his mother only four or five times before her death when he was

Rights of Women and Children Essay Example for Free

Rights of Women and Children Essay Around the world, women and children aren’t able to have the same basic rights as men. Unfortunately, the problem of inequality is broader. Inequality is often extreme against women and is part of their daily lives. Inequality is often justified by men as part of their culture or religion. Women and children face brutal situations each day. Harsh acts like child labor, slavery, forced marriage, and prostitution are suffered by millions. Child labor is full-time employment of children who are under the minimum legal age. Throughout the world, an estimated number of 218 million children were working in 2006. Children are bought and sold, forced into prostitution or work without getting paid any money. Besides these acts, children aren’t able to receive a good education. Women are also bought and sold as slaves, for labor and for sex trade. Not only are women banned from attending school, but women are denied the right to vote. Unfortunately, in some countries, women can be beaten or abused by their husbands legally. As Shirn Ebadi, a human activist said, â€Å"Not only is a woman a citizen, but she is also a mother who nurtures future generations. In my opinion, the conditions toward women around the world are prejudicial, but in certain places, they are worse than others. Success for women is when prejudice is removed everywhere in the world. † The problem of unequal rights of women and children needs more global attention because women and children are suffering. The golden rule in the bible teaches us that it is important to treat everyone the way you would want to be treated. Being bought and sold, forced into prostitution, working without getting paid any money, banned from attending school, being Dunham 2 enied the right to vote, or even getting beaten or abused by your spouse is not the way anyone would want to be treated. Women and children rights should be equal to the rights of men. Some stakeholders are Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and PeaceJam. These stakeholders are all working to stop unequal rights of women and children. They work to protect the human rights of people around the world. This problem is unresolved because some families make their children work because they need the money. As child laborers get older and become adults, they are usually working for a job that doesn’t pay very much money. As a result, their children will also be made to work to supply more money for their family. This shows that poverty and child labor is passed down from generation to generation. Developing countries are countries that are still developing and aren’t fully developed yet. Developing countries are very poor compared to first world nations and developed countries. The distribution and conditions of child labor vary from region to region. World Bank household or living standard surveys show that children, in some countries, help their families get more money. In Ghana, children supply one-third of household earnings for their family. Children supply one-fourth of the earnings for their families in Pakistan. In these families, children are always working and are not attending school. Some families are very dependent on their children to get money. Women in developing countries are lagging far behind men. Enrolment rates for education are only a third of those in Sub-Saha ­ran Africa. In other developing countries, women have fewer job opportunities. The employment rates of women are an average of only fifty Dunham 3 percent those of men. In South Asia it is twenty-nine percent and in Arab States it is only sixteen percent. Women also tend to work much longer hours than men. Developed countries are countries that are fully developed. Developed countries are also affected by the problem of unequal rights. But these acts occur less than they do in developing countries. For example, child labor, prostitution, and other horrible acts occur in developed countries too. They might not be as horrible as they are in less developed countries because fully developed countries have better securities to stop the acts. But in most countries the economy is bad and it is getting harder to earn money or even have a job. This leads to families feeling like they have no other choice but to become a prostitute, or make their child work. The United Nations is working to stop the problem of unequal rights on women and children. UN-WOMEN (United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women) works to support gender equality across a lot of issues related to human rights and human development. UNICEF (United Nations  International Childrens Emergency Fund) works to help build a world where the rights of every child are realized. Both organizations travel the world helping women and children. UNICEF helps by feeding children, giving children vaccinations, giving them an education, protect children from violence and other helpful acts. UN Women works with the government and non-governmental partners to help them get new policies, laws, services and resources to move towards equality. Bosnia is a developing country which means it is not fully developed yet. In 2007, The United Nation’s Development Program reported that twenty percent of the population lives below the poverty line which is one dollar and twenty five cents in U. S. dollars per one day of Dunham 4 work. Thirty percent of the population lives just above it. This shows that Bosnia is a very poor country. Bosnia became a country with a lot of horrific violence. In particular, rape and sexual violence of Bosnian women during the course of the war has continued to occur today. This also means child labor, prostitution, forced marriage, and slavery still occur today. One developing country is Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is one of two countries in the world where women cannot vote in any elections. All females must have a male guardian, typically a father or husband. Women of all ages are forbidden from traveling, studying, or working without permission from their male guardians. Also in Saudi Arabia, Only 85% of children attend school. Unfortunately, child abuse is fairly common in Saudi Arabia. About 70 cases are reported annually and many are ignored. One developed country is Germany. In Germany, one in every six children lives in poverty. 50,000 victims of violence and 20,000 sexual abuses are recorded in Germany. Most of the time, these abuses are carried out by their parents. UNICEF believes 2 children die every week as a result of violence. The United Nations has done a lot to improve the inequality of women and children in the world. One suggestion that I think would improve women and children’s rights in Bosnia is to make the penalty of prostitution, child labor, slavery, forced marriage, and more acts more severe. This would work because people would stop knowing the consequences are higher.

Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord of the Flies Essays

Hidden inside every human being is the urge to obide by law and authority and to act civilised, but hidden much deeper is the temptation to resist acting lawfully and resort to savagery. Sometimes, these two impulses conflict with one another and people are confused as to which desire to follow through with. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies and John Polson’s Hide and Seek are two prime examples that demonstrate the conflict between civilised behaviour and savagery through their characters’ cultured manners, savage impulses and struggles as they decide who they really are as people. The instinct to follow rules and act in a civilised manner is highlighted throughout the first four chapters of Lord of the Flies, but is especially perceptible in the boys’ behaviour when they first arrive on the island. The first chapter, The Sound of the Shell focuses on Ralph’s discovery of the island and his joy at the fact that there are â€Å"No grown-ups!† (p.12) present and so he can do as he pleases. His companion Piggy however, is obedient to the authority of his home life as he will not run, swim or blow the conch when Ralph does because his aunty told him not to â€Å"on account of his asthma†. (p.13) The repetition of Piggy’s referral to his aunty and her rules emphasise his conformity. The formation of an assembly, the ruling of Ralph as chief and the creation of rules on the island such as â€Å"‘hands up’ like at school† also comply with the social standards of order and democracy that they had to obide by in Eng land. Jack, representing a figure of authority, leads his choir who comply with his commands even though they are not at home anymore. â€Å"The choir belongs to you, of course.† (p.31) The choirs’ great compliance to their leader foreshadows t... ...shouldn’t’ be there, but does not actually tell her to go away. Brutality is also evident in Emily’s actions - while smiling threateningly she destroys a doll infront of the little girl. A close-up camera angle is used during this act to reinforce Emily’s evil intentions. The characters’ battle to resolve the conflict between following their natural instincts and satisfying their ultimate desires to kill is achieved in both texts with the impulses of violence prevailing. From the analysis of the characters’ actions, words and personalities from the novel Lord of the Flies and the movie Hide and Seek, it is evident that both texts represent the conflict existing between morality and sin through their use of the narrative devices of repetition, alliteration and foreshadowing as well as the film techniques of intruding close-up angle shots and manipulative lighting.

Pharmacology; Clinical review assignment: Renal failure Essay

Renal failure is an increasing concern in Australia, with over 54 people dying every day from kidney related disease. The incidence of this pathology has been shown to be growing, with the number of people on dialysis rising by 4% from 2010 to 2011 (National Kidney Foundation, 2013). It is estimated that approximately 1.7 million Australians over the age of 25 show signs of renal failure, either chronic or acute. Indigenous Australians are also four times more likely to die from renal failure than non-indigenous Australians (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). Signs of renal failure often show themselves in the form of reduced kidney function, proteinuria (protein in the urine) or haematuria (blood in the urine). Renal failure is a condition involving the failure of the kidneys, or more precisely the nephrons within the kidneys. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, with approximately 1.5 million working to filter blood of wastes and reabsorb water and electrolytes necessary to maintain homeostasis (U.S. Patent No. 5,092,886A, 1992). Renal failure occurs when the kidneys fail to filter blood adequately, it is often undetected until late stage failure has occurred. There are two main forms of renal failure; acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease, both with underlying pathologies (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2013). Treatment for renal failure involves either dialysis; filtering of the blood to remove metabolic wastes, or a kidney transplant, which is not a cure and requires permanent care and maintenance post-surgery. As of December 2012, 1080 people are waiting for a kidney transplant in Australia (Better Health Channel, 2013). It is important for paramedics to recognise and understand the underlying pathology behind renal failure as the condition results in a wide range of secondary effects & has many different presentations, with some as simple as headaches and â€Å"stomach pain†; pain in the kidney region, and more serious presentations such as metabolic acidosis (National Kidney Foundation, 2013). Pathophysiology: All 1.5 million nephrons in the kidney are working constantly to filter  blood. The kidneys receive approximately 25% of cardiac output via the afferent arteriole, into the bowman’s capsule which surrounds the glomerulus. The glomerulus is often described as a colander, as it is semi-permeable, only allowing certain things to pass through it. The kidneys main functions are to filter the blood, but they also have many other functions, such as regulating acid/base and fluid/electrolyte balances, reabsorbing water and electrolytes and excreting urine. â€Å"In addition, the kidneys excrete metabolic waste products, including urea, creatinine, and uric acid, as well as foreign chemicals† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). The kidneys also serve an endocrinological function, â€Å"secreting rennin, the active form of vitamin D, and erythropoietin. These hormones are important in maintaining blood pressure, calcium metabolism, and the synthesis of erythrocytes, respectively.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). The progression of renal failure is often undetected, with renal function able to continue until 50% of the nephrons per kidney are destroyed. After nephrons are destroyed they never regenerate (Tilgner, n.d.). Compensatory buffer mechanisms exist in the body to counterbalance the effects of renal disease. As the kidneys are responsible for water and electrolyte balance, shifts in solute concentrations due to nephron destruction can be seen. Isosthenuria, which is excretion of urine that has not been concentrated by the kidneys and therefore has the same osmolality/gravity as plasma, is the first clinical sign of impaired renal function. Water along with sodium is flushed from the body resulting in dehydration & an electrolyte imbalance (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). â€Å"In a healthy body, the acid-base balance is maintained via buffers, breathing, and the amounts of acid or alkaline wastes in the urine; this is because the daily load of endogenous acid is excreted into the urine with buffering compunds such as phosphates.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). When the kidneys functions are impaired, a backlog of hydrogen (H+) ion occurs and the nephrons ability to excrete acid becomes inadequate. This results in ketoacidosis, a condition in which the body’s pH falls dangerously below it’s normal homeostatic range, commonly detected by the ‘fruity’ scent of a patients breath which occurs due to acetone; â€Å"a direct byproduct of the spontaneous decomposition of acetoacetic acid† (DiTomasso, Golden & Morris, 2010). Diagnostic tools; The main ways of diagnosing renal failure include serum chemistry/blood tests, urinalysis and creatinine clearance tests. Serum chemistry is the analysis of blood, when diagnosing renal failure, changes in â€Å"Sodium, chloride, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, creatinine, carbon dioxide, potassium, phosphate, and calcium levels provide a useful tool to evaluate the degree of renal impairment and disease progression.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). The most important of these are creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, both of which are byproducts of protein metabolism which in healthy people is excreted in urine after filtration. In patients with renal failure the levels of createnine and BUN increase to toxic levels, indicating significant functional loss of the kidneys (â€Å"Creatinine Levels and BUN,† 2012). Urinalysis involves examining a patients urine sample, detecting protein, blood, determining osmolality and microscopic examination (Klatt & Georgia, 2013). The main indications of renal failure that urinalysis detects are hematuria and protienuria. Hematuria is defined as â€Å"†¦the presence of red blood cells in the urine. It can be characterised as either â€Å"gross† (visible to the naked eye) or â€Å"microscopic† (visible only under the microscope)† (â€Å"Blood in the urine (Hematuria)†, 2013). Hematuria is commonly benign in younger age groups, with cases of patients less than 40 years old almost always benign. In older age groups hematuria is seen as more serious, prompting medical investigation into the pathology to rule out other causes, such as infection or cancer, as many different types of cancers (bladder, kidney, prostate, urethral) also present with hematuria (American Urological Association, 2005). Proteinuria is another indication of renal failure, occurring when urine samples contain an elevated level of protein, or albumin, which is the main protein in the blood (National Institute of Health, 2010). Proteins are large molecules and should not pass through golmerular filtration. â€Å"The upper limit of normal urinary protein is 150 mg per day; patients who excrete > 3g of protein per day carry a diagnosis of nephrotic syndromeâ€Å" (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). A creatinine clearance test is another diagnostic tool used to determine renal failure, focusing on the glomerular filtration rate to determine the level of functioning renal nephrons. Creatinine is a metabolic by-product of creatine, which remains at a constant value in the urine. It is caused by breakdown of muscle tissue, and is 100% filtered by the glomerulus. No reabsorption of creatinine should  occur in normal functioning tubules within the nephron (National Institute of Health, 2010). This diagnostic test is done via collecting a urine and blood sample within 24 hours. â€Å"In chronic renal failure and in some forms of acute disease, the GFR is decreased below the normal range of 100 to 150 mL/min. Advancing age also diminishes the GFR, by approximately 1 mL/min every year after age 30 years.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Acute vs. Chronic; Renal failure classification is broken down into two different parts; onset and location. Renal failure can be acute; occurring within a timeframe of days to weeks, or chronic; renal failure that develops slowly over years. The location of the failure is the second criteria, determining the type of destruction within the nephron (pre-renal, renal, intrinsic or post-renal) (The Renal Association, 2012). Determining the type of renal failure is important as acute renal failure is mostly curable, whereas chronic renal failure is progressive and irreversible, often leading to death. Acute renal failure is characterised by the rapid loss of kidney function, occurring over a few days to weeks, causing azotemia, a condition where a build-up of nitrogenous wastes products occurs, causing metabolic acidosis (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). It can be broken down into sections based on where the failure is occurring within the nephron. Pre-renal failure occurs due to a reduction in blood flow/renal perfusion to the kidneys, causing loss of function. The kidney remains undamaged in this condition, with the problem being based solely on blood flow. It is the most common type of acute renal failure and can occur as a secondary illness from â€Å"almost any disease, condition or medicine that causes a decrease in the normal amount of blood and fluid in the body† (WebMD, 2013). Post-renal failure is less common, and is caused by an obstruction of the flow of urine â€Å"from the kidneys at any level of the urinary tract and that subsequently decreases the GFR† (WebMD, 2013). It is most commonly caused by prostatic enlargement or cervical cancer, usually found in older males. Intrinsic renal failure is the final type of acute renal failure, occurring from direct damage/trauma to the kidneys. The most common types of intrinsic renal failure are â€Å"acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) and acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)† (WebMD, 2013). Causes of the decreased blood-flow/obstruction include;  surgery, cardiovascular disease, direct trauma/impact to the kidneys, severe burns, severe muscle injury or severe physical exertion (WebMD, 2013). Chronic renal failure focuses around nephron destruction. Renal conditions such as glomerulonephritis affects the filtration rate of the glomerulus, while polycystic kidney disease involves the failure of the renal tubules. Nephrosclerosis interferes with blood perfusion, but the most common diagnosis of chronic renal failure is â€Å"diabetes mellitus, followed by hypertension, glomerulonephritis and others† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Although causes vary, each condition shares the common trend of irreversible nephron destruction. Application to paramedic practice: Paramedics must be considerate of all patients with renal impairments. Prophylactic measures are often taken in renal patients, managing â€Å"diet, fluid, electrolytes and calcium-phosphate balance†, as well as dietary modifications to counterbalance the common difficulties renal patients have with hypertension, oedema and weight gain (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Emergency care workers should be weary to maintain a blood pressure lower than 130/85mmHg. Bleeding disorders and anaemia are common conditions patients with renal failure will suffer from. Haemorrhaging and bruising are common. â€Å"The antidiuretic hormone vasopressin has been shown to be effective int he short term management of bleeding in patients with renal failure† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Renal patients on dialysis should not have their intravenous injection site compromised by any medication an ALS paramedic may administer. Blood flow through the arm must not be blocked or obstructed, and as these patients are immunocompromised, efforts to avoid sources of infection must be made (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Pharmacotherapeutics is a serious concern for anyone treating a renal patient, as most drugs are excreted by kidney, â€Å"and renal function affects drug bioavailability, the volume of drug distribution, drug metabolism and the rate of drug elimination.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008). Drug dosage schedules must be altered according to the amount of residual renal function. Drugs that would normally be safe for most patients may be toxic in patients with renal failure. â€Å"The plasma half-lives of medications that are normally eliminated in the urine are often prolonged in renal failure and are effectively reduced by dialysis. Even drugs that are metabolized by the liver can lead  to increased toxicity because the diseased kidneys fail to excrete them effectively. Theoretically, a 50% decrease in creatinine clearance corresponds to a twofold increase in the elimination half-life of any medication excreted fully by the kidneys.† (DeRossi & Cohen, 2008) Knowledge on the pharmacology on all ALS paramedic drugs must be known as certain drugs are nephrotoxic and should not be administered. The early recognition of signs of renal failure is important as mortality rates from acute renal failure (the most common type of renal failure) are high, remaining constant over the past 40 years at approximately 40-70% (Fry & Farrington, 2006). References: National Kidney Foundation. (2013). Facts on CKD in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.kidney.org.au/Kidneydisease/FastFactsonCKD/tabid/589/Default.aspx Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survery Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4715.0/ Dobos-Hardy, M. (1992). U.S Patent No. 5,092,886A. Boston, Massachusetts. Patent Buddy. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2013). Kidney Failure. Retrieved from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneyfailure.html Better Health Channel. (2013). Kidney Failure. Retrieved from: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Kidney_failure. National Kidney Foundation. (2013). What are the risk factors for kidney disease? Retrieved from http://www.kidney.org.au/KidneyDisease/RiskFactorsandSymptoms/tabid/819/Default.aspx DeRossi, S. & Cohen, D. (2008). Renal disease. Burket’s oral medicine, 11(2), 407- 427. Tilgner, S. (n.d.). Urinary – Kidney support. Journal for the Clinical Practitioner, 10(3), 1-13. DiTomasso, A., Golden, A. & Morri s, J. (2010). Handbook of Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches in Primary Care. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. DOI: 10.1037/O.0027784 Creatinine Levels and BUN. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.kidneyfailureweb.com/creatinine/ Blood in the urine (Hematuria). 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology/index.cfm?article=113 Klatt, E., Georgia, S. (2013). Urinalysis. Retrieved from: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/URINE/URINE.html WebMD. (2013). Prerenal Acute Renal Failure. Retrieved from: http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/prerenal-acute-renal-failure American Urological Association. (2005) Hematuria. Retrieved from www.urologyhealth.org/content/moreinfo/hematuria.pdf National Institute of Health. (2010). Proteinuria. Retrieved from http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/proteinuria/ National Institute of Health. (2010). Creatinine Clearance. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003611.htm The Renal Association. (2012). Acute Kidney Injury. Retrieved from https:// www.clinicalkey.com/topics/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury.html Fry, A., Farrington, K. (2006). Management of acute renal failure. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 82(964), 106-116.

Running Head: Globalization- Moving Forward or Moving Backwards?

With 35 million people, Tokyo gets the trophy for being the world’s largest city. Second place goes to Bombay with 22. 2 million people and New Delhi follows that with 20. 9 million (McKinnon, 444). It is no question that the world is home for billions of people and the number is growing. The world today is very different from what it was years ago. Through new technologies, we are able to communicate with people in a matter of seconds. The Internet connects people to do business internationally and quick. It has reduced the traditional problems you get with trading. It is now very easy to trade goods and services around the world. Because of this, markets are more open and competition is bigger. Investment has changed with online banking. It allows people to move their money internationally. Globalization is a process where global connections become thicker and it creates relationships between many people in vast distances. Globalization is a system where people aren’t in their own little villages anymore but they are brought together by trade or diplomatic relations. Globalization represents a change in human organization; there are both positive and negative effects of globalization. As our world with new technologies begin to march forward, many countries are being left behind. For example, economic reforms have transformed India into the second fastest growing largest economy. According to India: Rich vs. Poor, they mentioned India's economic growth rate in the year 2007 to 2008 is 9. 1% compared to the United States' growth rate in 2007 to 2008 is 2. 2%. India’s economic growth rate is supposed to be even higher in the next few years. It is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The Indian rupee has even grown stronger than the United States dollar (Roskins, 467). With all this said, India seems like its on track to be a dominating world power. However, India suffers from high levels of illiteracy, malnutrition, and gender inequality. India has more poor people than the continent of Africa. We have always lived in a world that has created hierarchies. We have rich and poor, affluent and less affluent, developed and developing, and third world countries. Whatever system we use, the gap between rich and poor will be very distinct. According to a report in the New York Times, technology and Internet access will intensify the difference between rich and poor countries (Miller). This gap has always increased over the years because it is a byproduct of globalization. In 2005, World Bank estimates that 1. 1 billion people in the world lived in extreme poverty. The definition of extreme poverty would be poverty that kills and that people who live under extreme poverty may live off of a dollar a day. More than 8 million people die each year because of poverty. Many times it’s from preventable diseases. For example, approximately 3 million people in Africa die of malaria each year. This situation in Africa has worsened over the last two decades. Forbes magazine has published that there are 358 billionaires in the world. Their combined net worth goes past the combined net worth of the worlds poorest 2 and a half billion people. Globalization goes all the way back to beginning. When people built roads it made the world so much smaller, but at the same time easier. Wheels and boats led to changes in transportation. Humans walked first, then came horses and carriages, after that the invention of bikes came along and soon after that was the automobile. Soon traveling did not take days and months, but in a couple of hours you could get from point A to point B. Another example would be writing with ink to printing books; all of these mentioned were a huge milestone for the human race. From the inventions of these things, more people were able to learn more things about the world. We are no longer stuck in villages, knowing the same people and same traditions. Today, globalization continues with the Internet. Now we can get information in a matter of seconds. People everywhere are connecting through social networking sites, blogs and video sites. We are able to â€Å"outsource† jobs. Outsourcing is when you take a job and handing it to a third party. Everything from clothes to technological jobs are getting taken overseas in the United States. Many companies use outsourcing to decrease the cost of labor (O’ Neil). Education ties into outsourcing because it is different in other countries. Many jobs move over to India because the educated middle class in India has a significantly better mathematical training than students in the United States. From 2000 to 2015, an estimated three million American jobs will have been outsourced. A kid playing a Wii in the middle of America calls a help line in India for troubleshooting on his Wii. We are now getting closer and closer to each other even if we live thousands of miles apart. The causes of poverty in the world’s poorest nations may be complicated. Causes range from where the country is located, diseases, civil war, and natural disasters. It may be things we take for granted such as a lack of clean water, lack of education, or lack of an effective health care system. Many poor nations have corrupt governments as well. Some problems may date back to colonialism, farm subsidies, cultural and historical reasons, or problems with institutions such as World Bank. A lot of times the reason why many countries are in deep poverty is because of colonialism. What happens is that western nations stepped in and stole the riches of their colonies. By doing this, the western countries gained money, and left the country they invaded with nothing else. Dependent development is when a less developed country relies on a modernized country. They act as equal partners but some nations could impose unequal exchanges on others and weaken the economic development so they could make their development stronger or more advanced. Dependent development impacts organization in developing nations because they could mess with their system so they could actually get ahead (O’Neil). An example would be Latin America. After WWII, radicals thought of the dependency theory, which said that the less developed countries is dependent economically in the capital, products and policies of the First World. If they could get out of control of US corporations, they could eliminate poverty. Western countries have taken gold from Peru, rubber from Brazil, tea from India, and cocoa from West Africa. Many times, countries struggled to get out of rule from the countries that took over. When they left, the Western country left them with many problems that the new country could not get out of easily. An example could be India. When the British left them, India has faced challenges such as religious violence, discrimination against certain types of castes, terrorism, and regional separatist insurgencies (Roskins, 449). Some may put the blame on farm subsidies and other trade barriers. Farm subsidies have the effect of transferring income from the general taxpayers to the farm owners. The world’s wealthiest nations give more than 300 billion dollars of subsidies to their farmers every year (McKinnon, 446). By doing this, it makes it difficult for poor farmers to compete with the big Western farmers because in some cases, the subsidy goes to the big industrialized farms. However, if you get rid of these subsidies, it may not help out poor farmers either. If there are industrialized farms in developing nations, poor people who would have worked in the small farms wouldn’t be able to work in the bigger farms because they would be replaced with machinery. So the poor people would move to cities where they may not find jobs. Another factor may be cultural or historical. Some reasons why Arab nations are poor may be because they are not advanced economically in modern times. Arab nations may be behind because of the way they treat their people. Many Arab nations look down on free speech, they don’t have good quality education, and there is a shortage of women’s rights. For example, having gender equalities in a country reduces economic growth. By having gender inequalities, it results in a wide gap between the opposite sexes. There are still 65 million Arab adults who are illiterate, and two thirds of them are women (Friedman). In India, women also suffer from high mortality rates. An example could be that their healthcare favors boys. Boys usually get more access to food and medicine and they get it before girls. Girls don’t get first priority and this results in many children, a lot of them girls, getting sick and dying from malnutrition (Hopkins). The World Trade Organization, International Money Fund, and World Bank are usually the most criticized when it comes to the issue of globalization. Some people believe that big business are looking out for themselves only and expand the world markets for their own interests. Some of the policies of the World Bank have harmed the development of Third World countries rather than help it. The World Bank contains high interest rates, which harm some companies. Their trade liberalization made some countries poorer and unable to compete with the global market. Also, the liberalization of capital markets drove smaller banks out of business. Not all-financial aid given to poor people doesn’t actually go directly to the people. The World Trade Organization is typically the target of anti globalization protests. People against globalization believe that the World Trade Organization neglects labor and human rights, only serves the interests of big corporations, increases inequality, and undermines national independence (McKinnon, 447). Some people may say that globalization will create a monopoly for countries that dominate in businesses. Because of the unequal relationships some countries will be left behind and the ones ahead will dominate the world economy. Another negative is the outsourcing of jobs. It lowers standards and weakens regulations in order to keep or attract business. Everything will rely on each other and when the dominant country falls apart so will the whole globe. Some may argue that as globalization increases, the world population has a wider gap between rich and poor. Globalization will create a greater chance for countries to have crises and problems. It will affect everyone because everything is so close knit compared to before. Some people who support anti globalization believe that globalization will destroy old institutions, traditions, and cultures. Individuality and collective identity are giving way as globalization proceeds. As developing countries accept Western influence, they will throw out what used to mean a lot to them, and accept someone else’s cultures. As societies trade their own cultures institutions for a common global society, what used to be shaped by values and tradition will now be shaped by materialism and consumption. The things that make the society different such as the language, music, food, history, values and norms will be taken, maybe changed, and will be sold around the world. Things (such as products) that did not make the cut, will be taken and forgotten because new things that were more appealing to people around the world will come in and take over. An article titled â€Å"McWorld† by Benjamin Barber explains the struggle of globalization and corporate control versus Jihad, which is tradition and traditional values. Barber believed that there were four imperatives to â€Å"McWorld†. They are: A market imperative, a resource imperative, an information-technology imperative, and an ecological imperative. The market imperative says that all national economies are vulnerable of larger, transnational markets. In these markets, there are free trades, the currency is convertible, and access to banking is open. The resource imperative is when countries will use each other's resources. After all, everyone needs something that they don't have. Every nation has something and some nations don't have anything that they need. The information technology imperative says that technology will connect everyone. Business, banking and commerce depend on information flow and you do these now through technologies. The ecological imperative is when nations ruin natural resources for things that they need. We all depend on each other, so if you tear down a rainforest to get resources, another country may use those resources. This ecological consciousness has meant for greater awareness but to inequality because the nations that are modernized may not want to use their resources to help the nations that are not modernized. Barber concludes that traditional cultures or big corporations support democracy. (O’Neil) The term â€Å"McWorld† may come from McDonalds, which is the fast food chain that gets criticized a lot. McDonalds has opened franchises in over 100 different countries. The symbol is recognized almost everywhere you go: from a small town in the United States to a city in China, you will be able to find a McDonalds almost anywhere you travel. It is controversial when it comes to globalization becomes it associates itself with deforestation, harvesting of animals, and a promotion of junk food. Many people believe that McDonalds is destructive towards many cultures that it has been introduced to. McDonalds gets criticized for destroying the practice of a home cooked meal and many countries, especially the United States, are dealing with problems such as obesity in adults and children (O’Neil). Since McDonalds is everywhere, it has become the model of getting rid of individuality. Some critics against globalization believe that it will overwhelm people with countless choices, ideas, values, and information that may be hard for some cultures to understand. As we move closer and closer together, everything seems to rely on each other. If our world truly globalizes, the struggle of freedom and equality will shift from domestic to international. Globalization may lead to greater conflict and chaos. On the other hand, economic globalization also applies to labor. Globalization can help people move and want to migrate. International economic connections, goods and services are expanding; people want to move where the money is. Countries get to bring out what they produce best and throw away things that aren't as popular. Transnational corporations take advantage of new markets and new opportunities. As a result wealth is to be diffused effectively through open markets for goods, labor and capital. Globalization is supposed to take people out of poverty and allow everyone to be a part of the global marketplace for goods and labor. If you look at it this way, globalization is seen to be positive because you bring billions of people out of poverty and produce affluence by letting more people be part of the global marketplace. As globalization has increased over the past quarter century, the percentage of the world’s population that has lives in poverty has declined. People’s life expectancy has risen, especially in part of the world that globalization is a big deal such as China and India, compared with the countries that are not so globalized, such as Africa (O’Neil). Globalization has opened up bigger communications. It has introduced companies into countries, and has helped many people get out of poverty. Globalization has provided opportunities for the workingman and also women. Many women work now because of globalization, and it was able to provide them with pay where they can support their families. Globalization can promote equality for people. Globalization forces businesses to compete on a bigger scale and the market becomes bigger. The competition is greater and will give consumers more choices. I believe globalization is not always a good thing. I believe that globalization will create monopolies for some companies. I don’t think it will be fair when it comes to competition. It will give people more choices, but I don’t think the quality of goods that we get will be of the best quality. The currency isn’t the same throughout the whole world, so the money that is distributed to some people will be different , because of this I think equality will be harder to reach because some people in countries that are more modernized will be getting paid a lot more than countries that are behind. I think it will eliminate small businesses in the United States and it will be hard for small business owners to compete in the global market. Globalization will eliminate individuality in many things such as goods. I think many cultures will forget their own traditions as well, as they welcome in new ideas. As for the whole world, I think that globalization will increase dependence on other countries. All the countries will rely on each other. If someone’s market crashes, especially from a dominating world paper such as the United States, everyone else’s market will crash. I feel that as our world becomes more advanced, we are consumed in a materialistic way of thinking and its almost as if we are moving backwards rather than moving forwards. We value things that are so obsolete such as materials like diamond rings. It seems to put a price tag on people and in this sense we are almost tribal. I believe globalization will truly take over. Our world is getting smaller and smaller everyday. What we do here, in the United States, definitely will affect other people elsewhere.

WISH By Bobby Anne Mason Essays

WISH By Bobby Anne Mason Essays WISH By Bobby Anne Mason Essay WISH By Bobby Anne Mason Essay Bobby Anne Mason’s â€Å"Wish† actually pursues the different issues with regards aging and how it actually involves an individual in becoming the best he could be as a person towards his growth. Aging is a normal issue among humans. However, the process by which people go through with the said phase of life is quite different based form the different perspectives of each person towards life and its zest towards one’s own being and development. This is what is particularly handled within the narration of Bobby Anne Mason in the said story. She particularly used language that would likely be more affecting to the people who are involved in the said phase of life. To emphasize the said use of language, the author particularly utilized the words to send forth emotional point of understanding that actually brings forth a clarified vision to the readers so as to understand the real message behind the story. Besides this particular fact, the author has also been able to convey a particular understanding to readers with regards the implication of the matter with regards the life-wishes of aging individuals. The touching way by which the author introduced the message of the story has actually increased the capability of the story to become a picturesque of the human life’s reality that is obviously striking to the human mind. With the descriptions that she used, she was able to touch the reality of the matter that raises the truth about the wishes of those nearing their life’s end. With all the elements of physical and mental weakness that is actually involved in the situation, it could be observed that the matter is of serious consideration among humans today. People who have members of their family undergoing this phase would better understand the said situation in a matter of realizing the hardships and wishes that the aged individuals are being faced with. Overall, the clarity of narration that mason presented made her story a strong manifestation of the truth about wishes and its implication in the times of human aging. Reference: Mason, Bobbie Ann. â€Å"Wish. † The Art of the Story. Ed. Daniel Halpern. New York: Penguin Group, 1999. 380-386.

History of Women Running for President

History of Women Running for President The history of women running for president in the United States spans 140 years, but only in the last five years has a female candidate been taken seriously as a viable contender or come within reach of a major party nomination. Victoria Woodhull - Wall Streets First Female Broker The first woman to run for President of the United States was something of an anomaly since women did not yet have the right to vote - and wouldnt earn it for another 50 years. In 1870, 31-year-old Victoria Woodhull had already made a name for herself as Wall Streets first female stockbroker when she announced she would run for President in the New York Herald. According to her 1871 campaign bio written by fellow reformer Thomas Tilton, she did so mainly for the purpose of drawing public attention to the claims of woman to political equality with man. Concurrent with her presidential campaign, Woodhull also published a weekly newspaper, rose to prominence as a leading voice in the suffrage movement and launched a successful speaking career. Nominated by the Equal Rights Party to serve as their candidate, she went up against the incumbent Ulysses S. Grant and Democratic nominee Horace Greeley in the 1872 election. Unfortunately, Woodhull spent Election Eve behind bars, charged with using the U.S. mails to utter obscene publication, namely to distribute her newspapers exposà © of the infidelities of prominent clergyman Rev. Henry Ward Beecher and the indiscretions of Luther Challis, a stockbroker who allegedly seduced adolescent girls. Woodhull triumphed over the charges against her but lost her presidential bid. Belva Lockwood - First Female Attorney to Argue Before Supreme Court Described by the U.S. National Archives as the first woman to run a full-fledged campaign for the presidency of the United States, Belva Lockwood possessed an impressive list of credentials when she ran for president in 1884. Widowed at age 22 with a 3-year-old, she put herself through college, earned a law degree, became the first woman admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court and the first female attorney to argue a case before the nations high court. She ran for president to promote womens suffrage, telling reporters that although she couldnt vote, nothing in the Constitution prohibited a man from voting for her. Nearly 5,000 did. Undaunted by her loss, she ran again in 1888. Margaret Chase Smith - First Woman Elected to House and Senate The first woman to have her name put in for nomination for the presidency by a major political party did not envision a career in politics as a young woman. Margaret Chase had worked as a teacher, telephone operator, office manager for a woolen mill and newspaper staffer before she met and married local politician Clyde Harold Smith at age 32. Six years later he was elected to Congress and she managed his Washington office and worked on behalf of the Maine GOP. When he died of a heart condition in April 1940, Margaret Chase Smith won the special election to fill out his term and was re-elected to the House of Representatives, then was elected to the Senate in 1948 - the first female Senator elected on her own merits (not a widow/not previously appointed) and the first woman to serve in both chambers. She announced her presidential campaign in January 1964, saying, â€Å"I have few illusions and no money, but I’m staying for the finish.† According to the Women in Congress website, At the 1964 Republican Convention, she became the first woman to have her name put in for nomination for the presidency by a major political party. Receiving the support of just 27 delegates and losing the nomination to Senate colleague Barry Goldwater, it was a symbolic achievement. Shirley Chisholm - First Black Woman to Run for President Eight years later Rep. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY) launched her presidential campaign for the Democratic nomination on January 27, 1972, becoming the first African American woman to do so. Although she was as committed as any major party male candidate, her run - like Chase Smiths nomination - was largely seen as symbolic. Chisholm did not identify herself as the candidate of the womens movement of this country, although I am a woman, and I am equally proud of that. Instead, she saw herself as the candidate of the people of America and acknowledged my presence before you now symbolizes a new era in American political history. It was a new era in more ways than one, and Chisholms use of that word may have been deliberate. Her campaign paralleled an increasing push for passage of the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) initially introduced in 1923 but newly invigorated by the growing womens movement. As a presidential candidate, Chisholm took a bold new approach that rejected tired and glib cliches and sought to bring a voice to the disenfranchised. In operating outside the rules of the old boys club of career politicians, Chisholm did not have the backing of the Democratic party or its most prominent liberals. Yet 151 votes were cast for her at the 1972 Democratic National Convention. Hillary Clinton - Most Successful Female Candidate The most well-known and successful female presidential candidate to date has been Hillary Clinton. The former First Lady and junior Senator from New York announced she was running for President on January 20, 2007, and entered the race as the frontrunner for the 2008 nomination - a position she held until Senator Barack Obama (D-Illinois) wrested it from her in late 2007/early 2008. Clintons candidacy stands in marked contrast to earlier bids for the White House by accomplished women who were prominent and respected but who had little chance of winning. Michelle Bachmann - First Female GOP Frontrunner By the time Michele Bachmann announced her intent to run for president in the 2012 election cycle, her campaign was neither farfetched nor a novelty thanks to this longstanding sisterhood of female candidates who had previously paved the way. In fact, the only female candidate in the GOP field took an early lead after winning the Iowa Straw Poll in August 2011. Yet Bachmann barely acknowledged the contributions of her political foremothers and seemed reluctant to publicly credit them with laying the foundation that made her own candidacy possible. Only when her campaign was in its final days did she acknowledge the need to elect strong women to positions of power and influence. Sources Kullmann, Susan. Legal Contender: Victoria C. Woodhull, The Womens Quarterly (Fall 1988), pp. 16-1, reprinted at Feministgeek.com.Margaret Chase Smith. Office of History and Preservation, Office of the Clerk, Women in Congress, 1917–2006. U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2012.Norgren, Jill. Belva Lockwood: Blazing the Trail for Women in Law. Prologue Magazine, Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1 at www. archives.gov.Tilton, Theodore. Victoria C. Woodhull, A Biographical Sketch. The Golden Age, Tract No. 3, 1871. victoria-woodhull.com. Retrieved 10 January 2012.first woman to run for US President.